Diversification. When applied to CO2 removal, this strategy holds massive potential—up to 31.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide per year by 2100. That is a substantial share of global greenhouse gas emissions. By adopting a mix of CO2 removal technologies (CDR, carbon dioxide removal), it is possible to achieve the most cost-effective and efficient approach.
This is the conclusion of a study by the MIT Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy (CS3), recently published in Environmental Research Letters.
The advantages of diversifying CDR solutions
Why diversify? According to MIT, the key benefit is reducing reliance on a single technology, as many solutions are still in development and could face delays or setbacks. A diversified approach lowers these risks.
Another major advantage is minimizing negative impacts on agriculture, energy, and land use. Many CO2 removal technologies are not entirely neutral, so they must be carefully managed to prevent unintended consequences.
MIT also highlights that there is no universal solution. Different CDR technology combinations perform better in different regions. Tailoring carbon removal methods to local conditions is essential for maximizing effectiveness.
Key benefits of CO2 removal technologies
The MIT study assessed five major CDR strategies:
- Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) – effective and cost-competitive.
- Afforestation and reforestation – beneficial for carbon sequestration and biodiversity, particularly in Latin America and Africa.
- Direct air capture and storage (DACCS) – currently not cost-competitive.
- Biochar – cost-effective and improves soil quality.
- Enhanced weathering (EW) – significant potential for long-term carbon storage in soils.
Researchers analyzed each CDR option individually and evaluated the cumulative benefits of different CDR portfolios that integrate multiple CO2 removal technologies.
The most diversified CDR portfolio, capable of removing 31.5 GtCO2 per year, is more cost-effective but places substantial pressure on land resources. A more eco-conscious alternative, designed to ease the burden on ecosystems and natural resources, is feasible but has a lower potential of 22.5 GtCO2 per year.